London Dispersion vs Induced Dipole
Introduction:
London dispersion and induced dipole are two important concepts in the field of intermolecular forces. Understanding the differences between these two phenomena is crucial in comprehending the behavior of molecules and their interactions with each other. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of London dispersion and induced dipole, and discuss how they differ from each other.
London Dispersion:
London dispersion, also known as dispersion forces, is the weakest of all intermolecular forces. It exists between all atoms and molecules, regardless of their polarity. This type of intermolecular force arises from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution, leading to the formation of instantaneous dipoles. These instantaneous dipoles induce partial charges in nearby atoms or molecules, thereby creating temporary attractive forces. London dispersion forces increase with the number of electrons in a molecule and the shape of the molecule. These forces play a significant role in the physical properties of substances like boiling and melting points, viscosity, and gas solubility.
Induced Dipole:
Induced dipole is a type of intermolecular force that arises when a polar molecule induces a temporary dipole in a neighboring nonpolar molecule. Unlike London dispersion, induced dipole forces occur between polar and nonpolar molecules. The polar molecule, with its permanent dipole, exerts an electric field on the neighboring nonpolar molecule, causing a distortion in its electron distribution. This distortion leads to the formation of a temporary dipole moment in the nonpolar molecule, resulting in attractive forces between the molecules. Induced dipole forces are generally stronger than London dispersion forces due to their dependence on permanent dipoles.
Differences:
1. Origin: London dispersion forces arise from temporary fluctuations in electron distributions, while induced dipole forces result from the interaction between a permanent dipole and a nonpolar molecule.
2. Nature: London dispersion forces occur between all atoms and molecules, regardless of their polarity, whereas induced dipole forces occur between polar and nonpolar molecules.
3. Strength: Induced dipole forces are generally stronger than London dispersion forces due to the presence of permanent dipoles.
4. Molecule Types: London dispersion forces exist between similar molecules, while induced dipole forces occur between different types of molecules.
5. Influence: London dispersion forces heavily influence the physical properties of substances, whereas induced dipole forces play a significant role in the solubility of polar and nonpolar substances.
Conclusion:
London dispersion and induced dipole forces are fundamental in understanding molecular interactions. While both forces are temporary and weak, they play crucial roles in determining the physical properties and behavior of substances. London dispersion occurs between all molecules, irrespective of polarity, while induced dipole forces occur between polar and nonpolar molecules. Understanding the differences between these two forces enhances our knowledge of intermolecular forces and their effects on various substances.
